This article extends critical trends of citizenship studies and the theory of accumulation by dispossession to articulate how settler colonial citizenship is instantiated through the active accrual of land and resources and how the emerging settler colonial citizenship entrenches both structural subjugation and resistance. The article then examines the reformation of the boundaries of citizenship through indigenous agency. I do so through examining the Palestinian citizens in Israel, specifically centering the Internally Displaced Persons—Palestinians who received Israeli citizenship even as they were displaced from their places of origin. I conclude by asserting citizenship’s double paradox in settler colonial contexts: It regulates certain rights and mobilities but simultaneously entraps the indigenous in a structure in which recursive accumulation is constitutive, thus entrenching dispossession and the further loss of collective rights and other claims.

The controversy over vaccines has recently intensified in the wake of the global COVID-19 pandemic, with calls from politicians, health professionals, journalists, and citizens to take harsh measures against so-called “anti-vaxxers,” while accusing them of spreading “fake news” and as such, of endangering public health. However, the issue of suppression of vaccine dissenters has rarely been studied from the point of view of those who raise concerns about vaccine safety. The purpose of the present study was to examine the subjective perceptions of professionals (physicians, nurses, researchers) involved with vaccines through practice and/or research and who take a critical view on vaccines, about what they perceive as the suppression of dissent in the field of vaccines, their response to it, and its potential implications on science and medicine. Respondents reported being subjected to a variety of censorship and suppression tactics, including the retraction of papers pointing to vaccine safety problems, negative publicity, difficulty in obtaining research funding, calls for dismissal, summonses to official hearings, suspension of medical licenses, and self-censorship. Respondents also reported on what has been termed a “backfire effect” – a counter-reaction that draws more attention to the opponents’ position. Suppression of dissent impairs scientific discourse and research practice while creating the false impression of scientific consensus.

Objectives

To examine the effect of prison visits on prisoners’ levels of anger, hostility, and positive feelings and examine which prisoner and visit characteristics moderate visits’ emotional impact.

Method

A pretest-posttest study involving 110 male inmates from two maximum security prisons in Israel was conducted. Prisoners were surveyed about their emotions a day before and day following a visit using validated scales to measure state-anger, trait-anger, hostility, and positive feelings. The survey also included questions about characteristics of the prisoner and the visit. Significant change in emotions before and after the visit is assessed with a t-test, and stepwise linear regression is used to examine the association between prisoner and visit characteristics and changes in emotions.

Results

State-anger, trait-anger, and hostility all declined following the visit, but the average level of positive feelings did not change. Regression results indicate an association between these changes and prisoner education, crime type, prisoners’ marital status, time in prison, and whether the prisoners’ children were present at the visit.

Conclusions

A significant decline in negative emotions following visits points to visits as a beneficial activity for prison inmates; theoretical and practical conclusions are discussed.

University–industry (UI) consortia are gaining prominence as new organizational platforms that facilitate innovative learning, translation of basic research into applied R&D, and the formation of collaborations. Research has highlighted the benefits of collaborative knowledge-creation within consortia, yet little attention was given for a holistic approach to this platform and to the organizational design framework that is fruitful by participants. Given this research shortage, we interviewed consortia leaders and university/industry participants in order to study what platforms of collaborations are perceived fruitful and desired by consortia leaders and participants. The findings show that consortia managers and participants suggest establishing multiple types of platforms for different sub-clusters within the consortia and offering entry flexibility for new participants by need. These design suggestions depict consortia as holistic ecosystems that facilitate the creation of innovative UI technologies and products.

Discourses and practices that situate creativity as a recipe for success in different domains and at different levels of social reality have had an increasingly global reach in the last few decades. Creativity has become the focus of managerial theories, self-help books, and experts whose goal is to help individuals, firms, cities, and nation-states all over the world harness creativity as a resource for boosting productivity and for creating value.

The present paper reviews recent studies of politics and political events on the Eurovision stage. We provide testimony to the ubiquity of nationalistic sentiments and ideological, political, historical, and even military tensions that pulsate underneath the agenda of European integration and European peace-abiding values. We advance beyond the now accepted truism, namely that the Eurovision is political, by detailing several different forms of politics that creep into the supposedly apolitical stage of the ESC: the politics of hegemony, the politics of suspicion, and the politics of conflict. The variety of political strategies and events that recur in the Eurovision expose one of its most fascinating elements: Notwithstanding the formal position of the EBU, namely that the ESC should net serve as a political platform – it is definitely a political platform. Academic studies of the ESC have given millions of spectators the tools and theories to observe those political infiltrations.

The book "Making the Ask" is a practical guide for fundraisers, by two professionals with years of experience in this field: Bernard Ross and Clare Segal (no relation to the reviewer). This book is divided into five chapters, modeled after what Ross and Segal call the "five key stages to making a successful ask" which are: passion, proposal, preparation, persuasion and persistence. In every chapter—or every stage are four tools for each stage. There is a total of 20 tools, set in a table in the beginning of the book. It is a practical guide to fundraisers, aimed to help professionals in the field, and not an academic text. As such this book is extremely heuristic by nature. Yet is highly organized and easy to understand. It seems that a lot of thought was dedicated to the categorization of "the ask" and, accordingly, a lot of emphasis is placed on the aspect of "the ask". On the back cover of the book the two authors relate how they were able to recruit $110 m "in a single ask". As a practical guide this book is filled with advice and examples of the suggested "tools" of "making the ask". These are presented in a way that is convenient to read, clear to understand and easy to remember. The division to "stages" of "the ask" and to different tools makes the whole thing easier to absorb. As a fundraiser myself, I found some of the recommendations helpful and even applicable in my profession.

Although most Western militaries include women, the military remains a hyper-masculine organization where women’s service is threatened and unstable. Since the military is a citizenship-conferring institution, we ask, what civic subjectivity do women soldiers develop considering their enduring experience of inequality? Based on 141 retrospective accounts by Israeli women soldiers, we argue that women’s civic subjectivity is based on a sense of gratitude for the opportunity to participate in a central state institution. As a moral sentiment, gratitude ties women to the nation in bonds of commitment and belonging, but at the same time ensures their acceptance of and compliance with the gendered military hierarchy. Women’s ‘civic subjectivity of gratitude’ is a byproduct and expression of structural gendered inequality and at the same time reproduces it. Nonetheless, cracks begin to appear in the women’s sense of gratitude when they encounter gendered devaluation, sexual harassment, or military acts of arbitrary violence. In these cases, the women become more critical, and gradually develop what we term ‘suspicious civic subjectivity’, which can sometimes serve as a source and catalyzer for developing and promoting gender equity policies.

I argue that the emergence of ICBT (Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), a novel computerized psychotherapeutic intervention, heralds a shift in the status of psychotherapy from craft to labor. Psychotherapy, as is practiced commonly today, retains its status as craft; therapists in managed settings still work within what I term an opaque bubble, their work invisible and uninterrupted, even by their immediate supervisors and managers. The therapists participating in the Israeli Ministry of Health’s course training the first cohort of ‘online therapists’ find themselves in uncharted territory: The automation of psychotherapy in the form of ICBT constitutes the profession’s first major ‘division of labor,’ not only minimizing the role of the human therapists, but rendering their craft transparent and controllable in ways previously unimaginable. This shift is theorized as a transition from a workmanship of risk, to a workmanship of certainty, and the potential degradation of therapists’ skills and status is explored.

The first part of this talk is a rehash of several talks I’ve given before. It takes advantage of one of the (few) privileges of age in allowing one to feel that one is still the same somebody and that nobody in the audience has heard it before. Its subject is Paul Lazarsfeld, my master, and me. It is an effort to reiterate the credit Lazarsfeld deserves for restoring interpersonal influence to our understanding of collective behavior and the process of diffusion. It stakes a claim for his pioneering role in the current preoccupation with social networks. Lest this seem obvious, let me refer to Duncan Watts’s (2004) authoritative Six Degrees. As is well known, the book follows Watts to his chair at Columbia, situated next to Lazarsfeld’s old office. It tells of Watts’s (2003) attempt to cope with the social networks that make up Small Worlds. He gives a lot of credit to students of this tradition, including our own Ithiel Pool and Everett Rogers, but none to his (late) next door neighbor. Watts and I talked about this, and he was regretful. So, yet again, let me restate my argument that Lazarsfeld may rightfully include the study of social networks on the roster of his achievements. To do so, I will remind us, in Part One, of Lazarsfeld’s voting studies and their spinoffs. In Part Two, I will make a connection to the rediscovery of the voice of an academic grandfather, Gabriel Tarde, writing in Paris more than half a century earlier. Part Three is a surprise

With the declaration of the founding of the state, on May 14, 1948, the legislators of independent Israel had to choose an emblem as an insignia of statehood. Before them was the problem of encompassing, in a single representation, that which the state signified to them and should signify to the wider public. The decision was to have been a speedy one for practical reasons, but discussions dragged on for months. The final preference—the seven-branched lampstand, the menorah, sculpted in relief and frozen for posterity in 81 C.E. on the triumphal Arch of Titus in Rome (Fig. 7.1)—signified choices about space and time, history and culture. In this paper we discuss how the choice was made and what factors entered into the selection.

This essay makes the case that current debates about the ‘moneyness’ of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are occurring at the incorrect scale. Rather than being some form of trans-national digital money to be used alongside or compete with national fiat currencies, I argue that, instead, each cryptocurrency represents its own self-contained ‘money-world’. Put differently, a cryptocurrency is the uniquely specified unit of account and medium of exchange within the socio-technical bounds of its own blockchain. This new perspective can open new lines of intellectual dialogue and inform better policy choices for regulating cryptocurrencies.

This report summarizes fieldwork among the Andoque of Northwestern Amazonia (Colombia). The research explores how the Andoque’s notion of power is constructed and negotiated, and how it operates, in different entanglements between the Andoque, their territory and its nonhuman entities, and nonindigenous agents, as the Andoque oscillate between a grip of the “stone ax” and of the “metal” one. While the former represents the Andoque’s ethos of economic independence and territorial autonomy, the latter stands for their reality of dependence on the Whites and on the market. Power emerges as the outcome of nourishing relationships with nonhuman entities and with the guardian spirits of different sites and resources. Since it is based on mastering certain ritual procedures, power is highly contested among community members. Although present-day exchange with non-indigenous agents requires the deployment of indigenous power and knowledge, people also suspect that this exchange risks these power and knowledge’s very relational foundations.

Why are some acts of cultural boundary-crossing seen as legitimate whereas others are repudiated as cultural appropriation? We argue that perceptions of cultural appropriation have formed in response to the emergence of cultural omnivorousness as a dominant form of high-status consumption. Boundary-crossing has become a source of cultural capital. Consequently, the right to adopt a practice from a culture that is not one’s own is determined on the basis of the cost one is presumed to have paid. Cultural boundary-crossing is seen as legitimate only if the actor crossing has paid a sufficient cultural tariff. We test our theory in a between-subject (preregistered) experimental design, demonstrating that those who enjoy a privileged social position, as inferred from their social identity or socioeconomic status, have less normative latitude to cross cultural boundaries. This is explained by perceptions that these actors are either devaluing or exploiting the target culture. While symbolic boundaries and cultural distinction theories are inconsistent with our results, we find that Americans who are disenchanted about group-based social mobility are the ones most likely to be outraged by cultural boundary-crossing. The imposition of a cultural tariff, we argue, is a form of symbolic redistribution.

Latin America is a multistate and polyglot region with diverse races, ethnicities, and cultures, yet it shares historical legacies, institutional frameworks, and political and socioeconomic challenges. Crystallized as the “farthest West” in the global expansion that started with Iberian transatlantic colonialism and forced intercivilizational encounters, shared development, and inner diversity, it is an ideal laboratory for comparative institutional analysis. This perspective has enabled enlightening processes that encompass multiple countries and affect their political, social, and cultural experiences. At various historical junctures, political figures, intellectuals, and social movements led strategies of mutual recognition and reconnection among sister nations and states. This book claims that in addition to approaching the region with a comparative lens, one should also address it from a transnational perspective that accounts for the twin processes of nation-state building and multistate linkages. The chapters follow the connections among countries and those that unfold in the transnational arena in ways that show the significance of a regional perspective, without obliterating the consciousness of distinct political development. Chapters address issues of key historical and contemporary relevance, including the belated construction of state boundaries; the interplay between state claims and transnational dynamics; political exile; international wars and conspiracy theories; regional counterinsurgency and its transnational impact on policies of transitional justice; the tension between regional principles protecting democracy and those predicating nonintervention; the emergence of social movements with a transnational vision; and processes of transnational legitimization and delegitimization of Jewish and Muslim minorities. The concluding chapter discusses transnational challenges and twenty-first-century dilemmas.

Research into ethnic inequality in Israel indicates continuing gaps in education and employment between Israelis whose ethnic origin lies in Muslim countries and those with roots in Christian countries. The categories that were created ex nihilo with the establishment of the state of Israel to refer to these groups were ‘Mizrahi’ and ‘Ashkenazi’, and these continue to play a role in Israeli society today. ‘Mixed’ Israelis (those who were born to ethnically mixed marriages) have, since the establishment of the state, been the population in whom Israel’s policy makers have invested their hopes as the future proof of the success of the social experiment launched by the Zionist enterprise. These Israelis, it was anticipated, would create a new social reality – a post-ethnic age, in which internal Jewish ethnic social tensions would cease to exist. This study, which is based on interviews with tens of such Israelis, reveals that ethnic identity plays a significant role in the interviewees’ self-definition, and is very much a salient aspect of their daily lives. They offer stereotypical presentations of both Mizrahi-ness and Ashkenazi-ness, which they simultaneously internalise and reject, while explaining why these stereotypes are erroneous and even dangerous.

This article reexamines and develops the analytical metaphor of “Reserve Soldiers as Transmigrants” in three directions. First, we advance the notion of transmigration by linking it to the explicit and implicit “contracts” or agreements struck between the military and individuals and groups within and outside of it. Second, we show that the “management” model of reserve forces is not just an administrative matter but that “negotiating” with reservists involves wider issues that include managing identity, commitment, and the meaning attached to military service. Third, we examine the institutional and political meaning of the reserves at the macro sociological level. The juxtaposition and interplay of two models—transmigration and multiple contracts—allows us to introduce structural elements into the movement of soldiers between the military and civilian society, and add a dynamic dimension to the contents of the implicit contracts that organize reservists’ relations with the state and military.

In this article, we propose “ethnographic biography” as a research strategy designed to address the basic difficulty of qualitative studies in capturing the temporal dimension of human action and experience. This difficulty is particularly salient when the subjects are dispersed in space and their contacts with the researcher are repeatedly interrupted. To overcome these discontinuities in space and time, the “ethnographic biography” combines complementary research tactics: Alongside biographical follow-up interviews — the commonly acceptable approach to resolving the temporal challenge — we propose two additional ethnographic methods: focused observations of social events and ongoing interactions with the subjects in virtual spaces. The advantage of that set of methods lies in that each method which locates the encounter between the researcher and the subjects in a different space and captures a different temporal dimension.

The number of people with COVID-19 per 1,000 residents is about ten times higher in the ultraorthodox municipality of Bnei Berak than in neighbouring Tel Aviv. Almost half of Israel's population that is currently infected with COVID-19 consists of ultraorthodox citizens. The number of people with COVID-19 per 1,000 residents is about ten times higher in the ultraorthodox municipality of Bnei Berak than in neighbouring Tel Aviv. Since then my connections with ultraorthodox communities have deepened and expanded a great deal. The actual map of the illness, its dangers, and ways of coping, passes through cultural filters that modify its contents as well as its borders. Hannah got information through her newspapers, her rabbis, and her husband. The current army and positive police presence in their neighbourhoods and towns is unlike the usual encounters, when they come in to suppress mass demonstrations or arrest men trying to avoid army service.

This timely book comprises detailed personal narratives of entrepreneurs who have worked towards peace in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. It begins by offering an innovative framework of analysis based on scientific knowledge about social entrepreneurs, defining ‘peace entrepreneurship’ and mapping its unique characteristics. It also explains the narrative methodology used, and provides a short history of the conflict in the region. The book focuses on 11 life stories of Israeli and Palestinian entrepreneurs who have strived for peace through social ventures. Chapters discuss the various forms of social activism that peace entrepreneurs have pursued, the challenges that they have faced and the motivations behind their ventures. The authors conclude by considering the similarities and differences across the stories, offering insights into what drives people to act as peace entrepreneurs and what sustains their activities in the face of ongoing conflict. Documenting rousing and inspirational life narratives, this book is crucial for scholars and researchers of social entrepreneurship who are searching for new avenues of inquiry into ventures in a conflict context. It will also provide motivational reading for other practitioners of peace entrepreneurship, as well as policymakers working with social entrepreneurs in conflict zones.

In this paper, we examine the roles of innovation experts in organizations as part of a new and evolving field of knowledge. In our examination, we integrate two fields of study: the rise of new experts in organizations and the development of role identity. Our main goal is to map the epistemological processes these new experts go through coupled with their perceived identity, roles, and duties. Based on interviews with 33 innovation experts in profit and nonprofit organizations, we analyze the role expectations, the complexities associated with this role, and the unfolding identity processes. The analysis is based on three analytical lenses for understanding the identity processes of innovation experts in organizations: “becoming,” “doing,” and “relating.” Our findings are that identity work is needed to facilitate adaptation and reduce ambiguity in the work of innovation experts.

Background

Better maternal education has been credited with making a major contribution to infant mortality decline. Most of the evidence is based on cross-sectional analyses, which show a strong correlation between maternal education and infant mortality. However, cross-sectional analyses do not provide an estimate of the contribution of maternal education to infant mortality decline.

Objective

The major objective is to obtain a more accurate estimate of the contribution of maternal education to infant mortality decline.

Methods

Pooling data from all available phases of the Demographic and Health Survey, this article presents a longitudinal, individual-level analysis of the determinants of trends in infant mortality in Indonesia.

Results

Better maternal education explains 15% of the infant mortality decline in Indonesia from 1980 to 2015.

Contribution

The article presents the results of the largest individual-level study of its kind in terms of length of the period covered and number of infants involved.

This book is a systematic inquiry of conspiracy theories across Latin America. Conspiracy theories project not only an interpretive logic of reality that leads people to believe in sinister machinations, but also imply a theory of power that requires mobilizing and taking action. Through history, many have fallen for the allure of conspiratorial narratives, even the most unsubstantiated and bizarre. This book traces the main conspiracy theories developing in Latin America since late colonial times and into the present, and identifies the geopolitical, socioeconomic and cultural scenarios of their diffusion and mobilization. Students and scholars of Latin American history and politics, as well as comparatists, will find in this book penetrating analyses of major conspiratorial designs in this multi-state region of the Americas.

This chapter describes the failure of Current Research Information Systems (CRIS) to modernize routine managerial tasks involved in academic administration. It argues that most universities maintain traditional decision-making procedures in regards to hiring, promotions, preparation of annual reports, and submission of portfolios for accreditation and assessment. I argue that developers of CRIS programs failed to appreciate the tasks of academic management. At the same time, management teams seem reluctant to change traditional academic practices. I discuss reasons for this disconnect and suggest ways to close the gap so as to modernize academic decision-making in universities.

This article examines how palimpsests in city spaces are mediated and negotiated by pedestrians' individual everyday experiences. The literature on city spaces and palimpsests is rich; however, it has not examined the sharing and fusing of palimpsests into everyday life. To fill this lacuna, we explore how pedestrians mediate the physical path of the parcellations and the layers of meanings accrued over the years. We describe what we term the "Janus face of Whitechapel Road" that characterizes the multidimensional and ever-changing face of London as a world city. We look at the different traffic hinges distributed throughout the urban setting and track people as they encounter these historical and aesthetic landmarks. The experience of London's palimpsests is an exemplar of this Janus's face, governed by transitions, time, duality, and passages.

Economic theories predict that with modernity and with the increase in standards of living, individuals will aspire for more leisure. However, the results of empirical studies which examined period trends in leisure time across developed countries do not confirm this presumption. The current study asks: If changes in leisure stem from ideational changes among different generations, will trends in leisure look different if examined across cohorts, or if measured differently? By integrating theoretical definitions of leisure based on literatures in economics, sociology, and psychology, this research derives three main macro-level empirical measures of leisure from various sources. These measures are used to analyze the contribution of population turnover to changes in the quantity of leisure, in developed countries, using linear regression decomposition method. Our results show an almost unequivocal increase in leisure across cohorts, across 159 country-periods, suggesting that new policies supporting domestic consumption are warranted.

While student attrition constitutes a major institutional concern at the undergraduate level, this topic is overlooked at the master’s level. Dropout rates have been documented, but no solid predictive models are to be found. Likewise, little is known about students’ decision to terminate their studies. With growing enrolment numbers in postgraduate programmes, this blind spot should be addressed. The multi-method research presented here, combining student administrative data from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem with a survey for students who dropped out of the institution, brings the research on this topic a step forward. The study found that dropout rates of master’s students are 12%. To identify possible predictors of these dropouts, we employed a four-step hierarchical logistic regression model. Academic performance variables predict dropping out far better than background variables, though much of the variation remains unaccounted for. An exploratory factor analysis of dropout survey items identified five factors linked to departure: work obligations, institutional difficulties, family and personal obligations, degree’s economic feasibility, and harassment. These subjective reasons for dropping out should be major targets for dropout prevention efforts.

One of the major paradoxes embedded in religion is the complex dynamics between enchantment and disenchantment. This article takes a critical look at the theoretical implications of the political dynamics of enchantment by examining its stages in depth. We use the term ‘enchanted moments of place’ to challenge the use of the term ‘enchanted’ as a static historical or historiographical designation. It takes long-term ethnographic work at a recently emerging pilgrimage site in the north of Israel/Palestine commonly known as the Shrine of Mariam Bawardy, as an empirical point of departure to explore the dynamics of enchantment. We suggest an anthropological theory of enchantment that embraces an analysis of the ways time/place intermingles religious and everyday grassroots political dynamics. This perspective sheds light on the creation of sacred place during moments of renewed creativity, the reformulation of indigenous identities, the process of reinvented rituals, and the restoration and staging of material objects and place. Uncovering these moments can clarify the ways sacred places are politically voiced and spatialized by pilgrims, and appropriated by visitors and religious agents. Our analysis shows that these ‘enchanted moments’, places are more fragile and susceptible to changes caused by macro- and micro- political shifts. Enchanted moments are more sensitive to local decision-making processes, creativity, contingencies and rivalry among native agents and their aspirations for place and territoriality.

In this paper, we develop a material–relational approach to understanding organizational memory. We focus on the inherent materiality of mnemonic devices—material artifacts that anchor shared memories of the past. Mnemonic devices work to constitute social groups of organizational stakeholders bound together by mutual affinities to these devices, known as mnemonic communities. While we know that the materiality of mnemonic devices represents information about the past that is interpreted by members of the mnemonic community as a narrative that is important in the present, our approach focuses on how engagement with the material aspects of mnemonic devices can create relationships of affinity among people remembering together. To develop our conceptualization, we first apply insights from the literature on materiality and its emphasis on how materiality is the basis for non-verbal and relational communication. From this, we theorize four material attributes that affect how mnemonic devices constitute relational connections that create embodied, cartographic, and temporal boundaries for organizational mnemonic communities. We then conceptualize how these distinct material attributes accumulate, intersect, and interact with each other and with the narrative representations of mnemonic devices and how in turn these interactions may bind stakeholders together. By emphasizing the material–relational aspect of mnemonic devices, our paper theorizes a broader and potentially more powerful set of affinities between stakeholders and organizations and, on this basis, enhances extant research by articulating different paths to the emergence of mnemonic communities.

In this comment to Noordegraaf’s ‘Protective or connective professionalism? How connected professionals can (still) act as autonomous and authoritative experts’, we argue that Noordegraaf has contributed significant insights into the development of contemporary professionalism. However, we argue for a less binary and more complex view of forms of professionalism, and for finding ways of understanding professionalism grounded in a relational view of everyday professional work. The first section (by Johan Alvehus) suggests that Noordegraaf’s ‘connective professionalism’ is primarily about new ways of strengthening professionalism’s protective shields by maintaining functional ambiguity and transparent opacity around professional jurisdictions. The second section (by Amalya Oliver and Netta Avnoon) argues for viewing professionalism on a range of protection–connection and offers an approach for understanding how connective and protective models co-occur. Both commentaries thus take a relational, dynamic, and somewhat skeptical view on the reproduction and maintenance of professionalism.

Political and social research on populism has discussed its development in the framework of modern constitutional democracies. Populism thrives as ‘parasitic’ to those democracies by addressing their unfulfilled promises. Citizens’ loss of trust in the system opens the way for varied forms of ‘populist ruptures’, facilitating the construction of the category of ‘the people’, through which leaders and their followings claim to stand for all citizens and embody the common will. This article analyzes how, both discursively and performatively, populism addresses major parameters and antinomies of Liberal democratic citizenship, e.g., by recalibrating representation and mass participation. Analysis indicates that by impacting the contours of collective identity as much as citizen expectations, entitlements and commitments, populism challenges the Liberal conceptions of citizenship that uphold modern constitutional democracies.

This article delves into the everyday dynamics of colonial rule to outline a novel way of understanding colonized–colonizer interactions. It conceives colonial management as a social field in which both the colonized and colonizers negotiate and exchange resources, despite their decidedly unequal positions within a racial hierarchy. Drawing their example from the West Bank, the authors argue that a Palestinian economic elite has proactively participated in the co-production of the colonial management of spatial mobility, a central component of Israeli colonial rule. The study employs interviews and document analysis to investigate how the nexus between Palestine’s commercial-logistical needs and Israel’s security complex induced large-scale Palestinian producers to exert agency and reorder commercial mobility. The authors describe and explain the evolution of a ‘Door-to-Door’ logistical arrangement, in which large-scale Palestinian traders participate in extending Israeli’s system of spatial control in exchange for facilitating logistical mobility. This horizontal social encounter that entails pay-offs is conditioned, but not fully determined, by vertical relations of domination and subordination.

The remarkable global decline in human fertility has coincided with a move away from institutional religion. Church attendance is a strong predictor of future childbearing. Thus, one possible explanation for that coincidence is that secularization contributed to the decline in fertility. Previous research suggests that family formation may lead to increased religious service attendance. Thus, the decline in religious service attendance could also be the result of the decline in fertility. In this interesting book, Jenkins explores the second possibility. His is not the first book to do so. However, it is the first to explore the linkage on a global scale (18). It draws a convincing picture of a world in which “faith is so often bound up with fertility” (181).

Affirmative action policies are oftentimes pitted against the need of universities to maintain meritocratic standards in enrollment. The current study tackles this institutional dilemma against the standard of student attrition. It does so by analyzing records of 41,483 undergraduate students who attended the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2003–2015). Approximately 5% of the students were marked eligible by an affirmative action policy that is unique to Israel. Specifically, a non-governmental organization oversees the Israeli indirect affirmative action policy and grants applicants with the status largely based on class. Descriptive statistics reveal no significant differences in dropout rates between affirmative action students and their normative peers. To verify those patterns, we test hierarchical logistic models alongside advanced decision tree models. The findings show the superiority of first-year grade point average and other academic indicators in predicting dropouts. They also confirm that students who are eligible for affirmative action depart at virtually the same rates as normative students and other risk groups. We conclude by suggesting that under certain conditions, universities do not pay any price by admitting students through the backdoor of affirmative action. Therefore, universities can and should open their gates wider.

We assess Dugan and Chenoweth’s Rational Choice-based argument regarding moderating effects of indiscriminate conciliatory state actions on levels of terrorist attacks in Israel-Palestine, utilizing data drawn primarily from declassified security records on Israeli state actions during the First Intifada (1987–1992). This type of data source, we argue, contains a more accurate ratio of conciliatory to repressive actions than Dugan and Chenoweth’s media-based data, given state authorities’ attempts at concealing repressive actions while publicizing conciliatory actions during times of intense conflict. We discuss differences in results—including, most centrally, no support for the hypothesized effect of conciliatory state actions—highlighting the theoretical payoffs of examining the Political Process–related factor of varying levels of state control over the political environment.

The increasingly central role of vertical family kinship in Western societies underscores the potential value of intergenerational linkages that tie grandparents to the fertility of their adult children. Recent research has examined the changing demography of grandparenthood and the roles fulfilled by living grandparents, but the complex implications of grandparental death-a key feature of intergenerational linkages over the life course-have drawn less attention. In this article, we explore whether and how childbearing of adult women is affected by the death of grandparents-their own parent(s) or their spouse's parent(s). We develop a novel conceptual framework that presents the pathways of influence and considers the overall impact of grandparental death on childbearing of adult children. We then estimate fixed-effects models to identify causal relationships between grandparental death and childbearing, using linked micro-level census and population register data from Israel for the period 1986-2014. We find that grandparental death leads to a reduction of approximately 5 percentage points in the five-year probability of childbirth. The effects of grandparental death are negative across all parities examined and are broadly similar across grandparent's gender and kinship relation. Additional effects are identified, including how the impact of grandparental death varies with time since the previous birth as well as residential proximity prior to death. We explain how our findings regarding the effect of grandparental death offer insight into the role of living grandparents. Our results suggest that policy-makers concerned with low fertility should explore mechanisms that reinforce potential sources of support from grandparents.

Innovation consultants belong to a professional group of people who claim that they can help organizations become more innovative by reconfiguring them in ways that can facilitate the unimpeded flow of information between as many of their employees as possible. They are thus a prime example of phatic experts, inasmuch as they present themselves as people whose expertise turns on establishing channels of communication and contact between employees. In addition to ensuring that they make their clients and their products more innovative, innovation consultants must make socially legible their own economic actions, and themselves as economic actors who are capable of such actions, as part of what sociologists call a profession’s ‘technical mystique,’ that is, expert knowledge made visibly concrete and socially recognizable. Based on fieldwork with innovation consultants in the USA, I examine what phaticity looks like in the contemporary business world; how phatic ideologies regiment what counts as appropriate ‘contact,’ ‘channel,’ and ‘communication’ between organization members; how phaticity is mediated as a socially legible genre by means of material artifacts and the built office environment; and what rhetorical functions and outcomes such a mediation has.

This contribution engages critically with the literature on the economic relations between the West Bank and Israel. It attempts at both highlight various relationships neglected in previous research and drawing on new analytical foundations. Sweeping characterizations of the Palestinian economy as de-developed and dependent obscure the complexity of economic relations at a disaggregated level. Israel’s colonial domination of the West Bank has indeed resulted in a deprived, exploited and pauperized economy, but it has also given rise to profit-seekers and cross-border networks. Therefore, the chapter focuses on smugglers and permit brokers as two examples of the under-researched interaction between Palestinian economic actors and the Israeli occupation. For this purpose, two analytical tools are employed to shed light on the variety of positions that Palestinian actors actually occupy in the context of economic integration with Israel. First, the idea of borders as selective “corridors,” and not only rigid barriers, enables us to identify a wide range of border-crossing activities that entail different types of encounters with Israel’s border regime. Second, precisely because of the rigidity of Israel’s segregating measures, brokerage plays a pivotal role in inventing and enabling new economic relations.

Valuable knowledge exchanged in networks is associated not only with benefits but also with tensions and costs. This paper offers a new structural approach to knowledge exchange relations within consortia through integrating Information Search Model (ISM, Borgatti & Cross, 2003) with social network theory. This integration explains explain how organizational actors mitigate the costs associated with knowledge exchange (KX) relationships by using network structure. We examine ISM at the dyadic level of explanation and add triads and other complex configurations of multiple types of KX relationships. Using a multi-study approach, we conduct one inductive study and two network studies—one cross-sectional and one longitudinal in university-industry science consortia. The analyses, based on Exponential Random Graph models and Stochastic Actor Based models, show that organizational actors optimize the benefits and reduce the costs of KX through utilizing KX relationships of various types and network structures.

From its inception, stigma has emerged as the cornerstone concept in the sociological study of deviance. Previous work has shed light on the manifestations of stigma, the degree of its contagiousness, and what happens when alleged folk devils "fight back" against being stigmatized during episodes of moral panics. And, as Durkheim reminds us, the dynamics of deviantization often provide incentives to bring about major social change. Christopher D. Bader and Joseph 0. Baker wrestle with these issues in Deviance Management: Insiders, Outsiders, Hider; and Drifters. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, they document and elucidate the riddle of "patterns of deviance management from the perspective of those labeled, and how these patterns are rooted in the relative salience of both deviant and normative social identities" (p. 147). They use the interactionist perspective throughout as a guiding light to examine different management strategies and how such strategies are capable of igniting conflicts.

This paper examines the negotiated everyday experiences of Jewish Litvish people in London and Jerusalem, exploring ideas of transcendence and immanence in these spaces. By uncovering the relations between religious identity and boundary-making in urban settings, the paper exposes the latent social, organizational, and spatial mechanisms that determine communal demarcation lines in the everyday life of city spaces. We argue that to examine such processes, one must refer to the social system that drives local processes and the values that communities draw their strength from. Empirically, we compare the mechanisms the Haredi (strictly orthodox Jews) -Litvish communities in Jerusalem and London use to delineate areas between immanence and transcendence in city life. The findings point to planners’ need to better understand how individuals cooperate and how community leaders are involved in developing urban structure.

We complete the editing of issue #48 of Progressive Librarian as 2020 draws to a close. In many ways, it has been an awful year. The COVID-19 pandemic has overshadowed everything, claiming nearly two million lives worldwide and impacting especially the elderly, the poor, and communities of color. In the United States, the police murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and a seemingly endless list of other unarmed Black people has horrified and sickened the nation and the world. A plague of natural disasters generated by the climate change denied by our government has continued to spread and to ravage our planet. The list goes on . . . . But these events are only part of the picture; there have also been important positive developments. The selfless work of medical professionals and researchers offers promise in curbing the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapid growth of a powerful movement against racism, led by a new generation of Black activists, has begun to transform U.S. politics. There has been the electoral repudiation of a racist, authoritarian, plutocratic demagogue. And although there is still immense uncertainty about the intentions and capabilities of the incoming administration, there are now renewed opportunities for struggle by advocates of social justice, including progressive librarians.

Israel’s political economy has been transformed since the 1980s from a developmental to a neoliberal model. This chapter describes and explains this transformation, emphasizing the unevenness and incompleteness of liberalization and its impact on socioeconomic inequality. Adopting a historical-institutionalist perspective to explain both the rise of Israeli neoliberalism and its unevenness, the chapter argues that liberalization was led by economic technocrats in state agencies, who were guided by liberal economic ideas and simultaneously pursuing their interest in greater authority and autonomy. The technocrats were empowered by re-engineering economic policy institutions and cooperating with other political actors. However, their ability to fulfill the goal of technocratic management of a competition-driven economy was limited by the continuing power of some sectors of both business and labor and the continuing vibrancy of the state’s national and military projects. The conclusion discusses recent challenges to neoliberalism in Israel as a result of public discontent and conflict between state actors.

Drawing on theories from the sociology of work and the sociology of culture, this article argues that members of nascent technical occupations construct their professional identity and claim status through an omnivorous approach to skills acquisition. Based on a discursive analysis of 56 semi-structured in-depth interviews with data scientists, data science professors and managers in Israel, it was found that data scientists mobilise the following five resources to construct their identity: (1) ability to bridge the gap between scientist’s and engineer’s identities; (2) multiplicity of theories; (3) intensive self-learning; (4) bridging technical and social skills; and (5) acquiring domain knowledge easily. These resources diverge from former generalist-specialist identity tensions described in the literature as they attribute a higher status to the generalist-omnivore and a lower one to the specialist-snob.

Knowledge is inextricably bound to power in the context of settler colonialism where apprehension of the Other is a tool of domination. Tracing the development of the “settler colonial” paradigm, this article deconstructs Zionist and Israeli dispossession of Palestinian land and sovereignty, applying the sociology of knowledge production to the study of the Israeli-Palestinian case. The settler colonial paradigm, linked to Israeli critical sociology, post-Zionism, and postcolonialism, reemerged following changes in the political landscape from the mid-1990s that reframed the history of the Nakba as enduring, challenged the Jewish definition of the state, and legitimated Palestinians as agents of history. Palestinian scholars in Israel lead the paradigm’s reformulation. This article offers a phenomenology of Palestinian positionality, a critical potential for decolonizing the settler colonial structure and exclusive Jewish sovereignty, to consolidate a field of study that shapes not only research into the Israeli-Palestinian case but approaches to decolonization and liberation.

Through a study of the situation in Palestine and Israel, this essay argues that collective self-determination can, in some circumstances, be realized through voting in the political system of an occupying power. More specifically, we contend that (1) a power exercising “indefinite occupation” has a duty to grant voting rights in its own domestic political system to those members of the occupied population who may wish to vote; (2) a demand for voting in the political system of an occupying power does not in itself constitute consent to acquisition of title by the occupier; and (3) that a demand for voting under occupation can be a viable part of a struggle for de-colonization, even without a preexisting social contract among members. The argument we set forth amounts to a paradigm shift in the way the international community should understand the international law of occupation both in the Palestinian territories and more broadly.

Drawing on institutional theory and using examples from Israel, we offer a critique of technology's deployment in responses to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We distinguish between technologies-in-use (“small ‘t' technologies”), the bundle of artifacts and practices that bring them into being, and “Big ‘T' Technology,” the latter being technology as an institution – shared meanings, structures, and practices that govern thought and action. Using the conceptual tool kit of institutional theory, we make three interrelated arguments. First, the deployment of technologies-in-use in response to the pandemic is embedded in diverse and contradictory institutions, the institution of technology among them. These technologies participate in the very construction of crisis, which fosters the revert to known and established ways of being and doing. Thus, technologies-in-use are not necessarily the most efficient and rational but rather the most legitimate and readily available. Second, putting certain technologies into action has not been happening by itself. Instead, we have witnessed contestations among relevant agents – like politicians and experts – who engage in institutional work to serve their interests. Third, despite its global reach, technology is locally adapted and implemented in specific contexts. All in all, institutional theory helps us to explore further and critique the naïve belief, common in public discourse, in technology as a remedy of all things. Instead, it offers a more critical understanding of the cultural dynamics involved in putting technology to work in the coronavirus crisis. This critical lens carries implications for policymaking and implementation in times of crisis.

The field of integrated dance brings together dancers with and without disabilities to create a novel art form. In dancing together, participants engage in a process of “translation” to interpret and enact movement, a practice I term embodied translation. This practice involves distilling a movement to its kinesthetic and expressive core, then exploring potential manifestations of those elements through various uses of space, objects, and bodies. Performed among people whose means and range of movement vary widely, embodied translation necessitates the recognition of multiple pathways toward shared expression, engendering a collective of kinesthetic multiplicities. Based on fieldwork with projects of integrated dance in Israel and the United States, I examine participants’ verbal, embodied, kinesthetic, and material means of translation, questioning whether translation can in fact produce commensurability among diverse bodies.

How is the public mission of universities to change in the face of today’s global challenges? How is the 21st Century university to balance its long-standing traditions and its commitment to teaching, research and commercialization with rapidly changing social needs and conditions worldwide? And how does the newly defined public role of the university reflect on changes to non-profit organizations in general? Amalya Oliver-Lumerman and Gili S. Drori offer a new model of academic commitment and leadership in response to questions about the new public role of the university.

In Space and Mobility in Palestine, Julia Peteet provides a rich ethnography of the most salient component of Israeli occupation and control of Palestinian life. Peteet's focus is the restructuring of space, time and territory, through restrictions on mobility and its effect on Palestinians daily life and political mindscapes. Peteet's consistent focus on the restructuring of space leads her to the insight that Israelis and Palestinians do not share space, but Israelis occupy space not only in legal terms but physically and materially. This is a significant contribution to previous analyses of Israel's occupation that focus on military rule, human rights violations and bureaucratic and economic infrastructures of the occupation, or on the settler colonial production of space. The backdrop of the book is Israel's population management system and its threefold goals: to create Palestinian dependency on the Israeli administrative system - to construct, maintain, and widen the scope of monitoring and control of the Palestinian population; to annex territory and to create uncertainty, dis-orientation, and suspicion within Palestinian society through the prevention of mobility. The focus on experience, in chapter 3, highlights the political role of checkpoints as a synecdoche of Israel's relationship to Palestine and Palestinians: 'Checkpoints organize and display the spectacular nature of separation' (p. 100) and the process of annexation de facto. Although checkpoints are shared time/spaces, they are Israeli spaces within occupied territory. This conceptualization of the checkpoint as an Israeli space is critical to those that envision a resolution to the occupation in a form of enforced partition and separation.

Studies of gender in entrepreneurship acknowledge that gender norms are at the root of women’s disadvantage in resource-acquisition but provide limited guidance on how societal (macro-level) norms and their gendering influence entrepreneurs’ micro-level behaviours and stakeholders’ decisions within local contexts. To address this lacuna, we draw on gender theory and French Pragmatist Sociology (FPS) to offer G-FPS: an analytical and methodological framework of resource-claiming as a process of justifying, engaging and testing, embedded in normative context that constructs gender roles and social worth. Through analysis of a historical case of business resource-acquisition in pre-state Israel, we theorize and demonstrate how local gendered norms steered men and women to diverge in their justifications and self-presentation when making their claims, and how stakeholders evaluated those claims according to their fit with situated gender expectations. We thus illustrate how macro-level gender norms infiltrate and operate within micro-level processing, persistently favouring men over women.

When Islamic State (ISIS) forces were driven out of the territories they had acquired in Syria and Iraq, there remained a concern that the threat posed by ISIS was far from over. It was clear that significant long-term strategies would be needed to establish and maintain security and stability if the potential for further radical Islamist threats in the Middle East and among NATO countries was to be eradicated. This book presents papers from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) entitled The Post ISIS-Era: Regional and Global Implications, held in Washington DC, USA, from 6-8 September 2019. The ARW brought together participants from NATO member nations and Partner countries, and from diverse backgrounds, including academia, security, law enforcement, intelligence, military, foreign affairs, media, think tanks, international organizations and embassies. Topics covered included: the future of ISIS after the loss of its territories; maintaining security and stability; analysis of ISIS recruitment and propaganda activities; the returnee problem and the plight of refugees; the processes of radicalization; response to the changing nature of violent extremism; policy recommendations to mitigate the consequences of new threats; and dealing with the exploitation of public fear of terrorism. The book also discusses how the lessons learned can be implemented, and offers specific policy recommendations for the future. It will be of interest to all those involved in combating the international terror threat.

The controversy over vaccines, which has recently intensified following the COVID-19 pandemic, provokes heated debates, with both advocates and opponents raising allegations of bias and fraud in research. Researchers whose work raises doubts about the safety of certain vaccines claim to be victims of discriminatory treatment aimed at suppressing dissent, including the unjustified retraction of their published research. Such practices have previously been discussed in other controversial fields in science (e.g., AIDS, the environment, and water fluoridation) but not in the field of vaccines. The purpose of this study was to analyze, for the first time, the subjective views of researchers whose papers were retracted. Study participants are active researchers, most with international reputations in their respective fields. They perceived retraction as a means of censoring and silencing critical voices with the aim of preserving the pro-vaccination agenda of interested parties. Participants also reported additional measures aimed at harming them personally and professionally. These findings point to the need for a fair, open, and honest discourse about the safety of vaccines for the benefit of public health and the restoration of trust in science and medicine.

In the preface to Dale Eickelman’s Knowledge and Power in Morocco, Clifford Geertz points to several ways in which the book advances anthropological re-search. The study offers a new “sense of what description and explanation amount to in anthropology” (Eickelman 1985: xii), epitomized by the image of “a young scholar and an indigenous scholar, thirty years his senior, bent over such manuscripts, admiring calligraphy, hunting for traces of economic dependencies, [or] reading between the lines of political gossip” (Eickelman 1985: xii). When I encountered this book, it became a significant reference point for me, because several years before I was deeply engaged in the man-uscript of a scholar from the other end of the Maghrib, Mordecai Hacohen of Tripoli (1856–1929).1 This, however, did not entail interpersonal contact. Hacohen died ten years before I was born. What brought me to begin to explore his work in detail in 1968 was that his scholarship had an anthropological side to it. A significant portion of its five hundred plus Hebrew pages describes the lives of Jews in the hinterland of Tripoli, most of whom migrated to Israel between 1949 and 1951, and some of whom had been the subject of my doctoral field-work in 1963– 1965 (Goldberg 1972, 2015– 2016: 8– 33). As I delved into the manuscript, learned more about its context, and for a few years encountered several of Hacohen’s children, my relationship with him – by then both intellectual and personal – deepened. This process continues today, and the current chapter has a dual purpose. One is to explore an aspect of Hacohen’s work from which I previously have kept a distance: his involvement with the rabbinic court in Tripoli at the end of the Ottoman period. The second is, aided by juxta-posing my encounter with Hacohen’s book to Dale’s experience with Qadi ʿAbd ar-Rahman, to reflect upon the challenges and unexpected outcomes faced by an anthropologist assuming a task usually carried out by historians.

The article is an analytical and critical review of the main ideas of philosophical practice. The review was prepared on the basis of the author’s personal participation in the work of international conferences on philosophical practice over the past three years. The comparison of the three last conferences reveals how tensions around definitions and goals of the practice have been reduced in ways that reflect an openness and appreciation of multiplicity. The anguish surrounding the boundaries of the field have decreased as well, and is seems that philosophical practice is ready to reflect on itself through the research, publication, networking and mapping.

How does algorithmic finance operate in society as it crosses the threshold into the hands of lay investors? This article builds on original ethnographic research into a new class of algorithmic trading programs known as ‘roboadvisors’—inexpensive, automated, digital financial platforms that enable ordinary people to invest very small minimum amounts and that rely to a large extent on passive, index strategies that follow the prescripts of Modern Portfolio Theory. The main argument of the article is that roboadvisors, representing an ethos of ‘low-finance’, are actively constructing passive investors by disciplining them through technologies that embody canonical models of financial economics. Roboadvisors and their algorithms reconfigure their users and objectify them through automating investment decisions and enforcing a principle of ‘don’t do’ vis-à-vis the market. Implications that bear on agency, market structure and regulatory regimes are discussed.

BEING A STRANGER is the universal condition of modernity. Simmel, like many of his fellow sociologists and Germans at the end of the twentieth century, was riveted by the question of what the new era of trains, light, cities, and money had in store for humanity; but following his anti-positivism and Weberian tendency to look for ideal types, he grasped this change through the emblematic figure of the stranger. Why was the stranger such a key figure of modernity? One reason may lie in Simmel's biography. Although both Simmel's parents had converted to Christianity, he was not able to secure a stable position at the university, largely because he was perceived by others as a Jew. He was, so to speak, forced to be a stranger. Being an outsider from within was the familiar experience of assimilated, modern Jews, a position that turned them into the observers and analysts of the structures that simultaneously accepted them and excluded them.